Hi, I'm new to Prolog, I wonder if there is a 'not/1' or something similar to use in Ciao, or do I have to write it myself?
Alex
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Hi Alex,
I'm new to Prolog, I wonder if there is a 'not/1' or something similar to use in Ciao, or do I have to write it myself?
The standard negation operator in ciao is +
This implements "negation-as-failure", so `+ G` means that it is impossible to prove goal G.
I've seen other prologs offer this as not/1, but I dont think it's done in Ciao. SWI-Prolog, another popular open-source prolog implementation, provides not/1 for compatibility but recommends that + be used for new code.
If you use the module "iso", you can also get the operator =, which means that two terms don't unify. Here are some quick examples:
Succeed:
+ 3 is 1 + 1. + a = b. a = b.
Fail:
+ 4 is 2 + 2. f(a,b) = f(a,b)
Hope that helps,
Ryan
On Aug 15, 2005, at 5:46 AM, Ryan Kelly wrote:
Hi Alex,
I'm new to Prolog, I wonder if there is a 'not/1' or something similar to use in Ciao, or do I have to write it myself?
The standard negation operator in ciao is +
This implements "negation-as-failure", so `+ G` means that it is impossible to prove goal G.
Your semantics are not quite correct; the system might never prove G due to non termination.
I've seen other prologs offer this as not/1, but I dont think it's done in Ciao. SWI-Prolog, another popular open-source prolog implementation, provides not/1 for compatibility but recommends that + be used for new code.
If you use the module "iso", you can also get the operator =, which means that two terms don't unify. Here are some quick examples:
Succeed:
\+ 3 is 1 + 1. \+ a = b. a \= b.Fail:
\+ 4 is 2 + 2. f(a,b) \= f(a,b)Hope that helps,
Ryan
-- Ryan Kelly http://www.rfk.id.au | This message is digitally signed. Please visit ryan(a)rfk.id.au | http://www.rfk.id.au/ramblings/gpg/ for details
============================================================================== Message: Address: Action: help majordomo(a)clip.dia.fi.upm.es Info. on useful commands subscribe ciao-users-request(a)clip.dia.fi.upm.es Subscribe to this list unsubscribe ciao-users-request(a)clip.dia.fi.upm.es UnsuFrom owner-ciao-users(a)clip.dia.fi.upm.es Tue Aug 16 00:07:50 2005 Received: from clip.dia.fi.upm.es (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by clip.dia.fi.upm.es (8.12.11/8.12.11) with ESMTP id j7FM7ojV007249; Tue, 16 Aug 2005 00:07:50 +0200 Received: (from majordom(a)localhost) by clip.dia.fi.upm.es (8.12.11/8.12.11/Submit) id j7FM7o6Q007248; Tue, 16 Aug 2005 00:07:50 +0200 X-Authentication-Warning: clip.dia.fi.upm.es: majordom set sender to owner-ciao-users(a)clip.dia.fi.upm.es using -f Received: from clip.dia.fi.upm.es (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by clip.dia.fi.upm.es (8.12.11/8.12.11) with ESMTP id j7FM7n1i007244; Tue, 16 Aug 2005 00:07:49 +0200 Received: (from clip-mod(a)localhost) by clip.dia.fi.upm.es (8.12.11/8.12.11/Submit) id j7FM7nVR007243; Tue, 16 Aug 2005 00:07:49 +0200 Received: from goofy.fi.upm.es (goofy.fi.upm.es [138.100.8.23]) by clip.dia.fi.upm.es (8.12.11/8.12.11) with ESMTP id j7FM7cZO007209 for <ciao-users(a)clip.dia.fi.upm.es>; Tue, 16 Aug 2005 00:07:40 +0200 Received: from relay.upm.es (relay.upm.es [138.100.4.8]) by relay.fi.upm.es (PMDF V6.2-1x5 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LRVJOQ8R0M000ITQ(a)relay.fi.upm.es> for ciao-users(a)clip.dia.fi.upm.es; Tue, 16 Aug 2005 00:06:40 +0200 (MET-DST) Received: from postinofz1.prima.com.ar (postinofz1.prima.com.ar [200.42.0.149]) by relay.upm.es (8.11.2/8.11.1) with SMTP id j7FM6cl14687 for <ciao-users(a)clip.dia.fi.upm.es>; Tue, 16 Aug 2005 00:06:38 +0200 (MEST) Received: (qmail 61902 invoked from network); Mon, 15 Aug 2005 22:06:36 +0000 Received: from unknown (HELO balboa.dia.fi.upm.es) (201.254.225.9) by postinofz1.prima.com.ar with SMTP; Mon, 15 Aug 2005 22:06:36 +0000 Received: by balboa.dia.fi.upm.es (Postfix, from userid 1015) id 7375329013E; Mon, 15 Aug 2005 15:06:40 -0300 (ART) Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2005 15:06:39 -0300 From: Michael Zolda <e9725694(a)student.tuwien.ac.at> Subject: Re: Is there a 'not' predicate for ciao? In-reply-to: <17152.25725.1452.611599(a)balboa.dia.fi.upm.es> To: ciao-users(a)clip.dia.fi.upm.es Cc: yw4126(a)bristol.ac.uk Message-id: <17152.55727.792140.63228(a)balboa.dia.fi.upm.es> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: Mew version 3.3 on Emacs 21.3 / Mule 5.0 (SAKAKI) Content-type: Text/Plain; charset=us-ascii Content-transfer-encoding: 7bit References: <17151.44540.237729.129428(a)balboa.dia.fi.upm.es> <17152.25725.1452.611599(a)balboa.dia.fi.upm.es> X-Authentication-warning: stud3.tuwien.ac.at: e9725694 owned process doing -bs X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.0.3 (2005-04-27) on clip.dia.fi.upm.es X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.6 required=6.9 tests=BAYES_00 autolearn=ham version=3.0.3 Sender: owner-ciao-users(a)clip.dia.fi.upm.es Precedence: bulk
From: Ryan Kelly <ryan(a)rfk.id.au> Subject: Re: Is there a 'not' predicate for ciao? Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2005 06:46:37 -0300
Hi Alex,
I'm new to Prolog, I wonder if there is a 'not/1' or something similar to use in Ciao, or do I have to write it myself?
The standard negation operator in ciao is +
This implements "negation-as-failure", so `+ G` means that it is impossible to prove goal G.
More precisely, the negation of a goal will succeed, if (the proof search for) that goal eventually fails. On the other hand, non-termination of G implies the non-termination of + G. Some people therefore prefer to use the term "negation as finite failure".
A straightforward DIY implementation of this kind of negation would be:
not(G) :- call(G), !, fail. not(_G).
Michael Zolda
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I'm new to Prolog, I wonder if there is a 'not/1' or something similar to use in Ciao, or do I have to write it myself?
?- +(fail).
yes ?- +(true).
no
Bart Demoen
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Dear colleagues,
I wonder if there are people on this list who are interested in a prolog / ciao based project to develop a hybrid e-learning / expert system. I have vast experience in e-learning systems and I think it is time now to go one step further and add some "intelligence" to such a system.
If you are interested (and have some time available ...), please drop me a note. This might also evolve in a nice EU project proposal.
Georg Anker University of Innsbruck New Media and Lerning Technology Unit
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I'd like to help out. I teach at Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Virginia, US. Randy Latimer
On Fri, 14 Oct 2005, Georg J. Anker wrote:
Dear colleagues,
I wonder if there are people on this list who are interested in a prolog / ciao based project to develop a hybrid e-learning / expert system. I have vast experience in e-learning systems and I think it is time now to go one step further and add some "intelligence" to such a system.
If you are interested (and have some time available ...), please drop me a note. This might also evolve in a nice EU project proposal.
Georg Anker University of Innsbruck New Media and Lerning Technology Unit
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Sounds like an interesting project. Please let us know if you need any help from the Ciao system developers and keep us updated!
It sounds very good. I'm Ph.D. student from Technical University of Ostrava in Czech Republic and I'm very interested in prolog. So I'd like to help out too. Marek Mensik
On 10/14/05, Georg J. Anker <georg.j.anker(a)uibk.ac.at> wrote:
Dear colleagues,
I wonder if there are people on this list who are interested in a prolog / ciao based project to develop a hybrid e-learning / expert system. I have vast experience in e-learning systems and I think it is time now to go one step further and add some "intelligence" to such a system.
If you are interested (and have some time available ...), please drop me a note. This might also evolve in a nice EU project proposal.
Georg Anker University of Innsbruck New Media and Lerning Technology Unit
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-- Marek Mensik ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Ph.D. Student Katedra Informatiky FEI, VSB - TU Ostrava
email: mensikm(a)gmail.com www: http://homel.vsb.cz/~men059/
Hi Georg Anker and collegues
I'm Professor of Sociology and I have experience in e-learning systems based on PHP. A decade ago, I started some studies about Prolog and e-learning. My interest was to develop an "intelligent" interface that was able to help students and teachers to organize and retrieve the "knowledge" stored in the system, at that time I was using VM-Prolog. After couple years of study, I abandoned the original idea of using VM-Prolog and started using Java and nowadays I'm using PHP. But, now, I'm back again to Prolog, especially after my first contact with ciao-prolog, exactly because, as you said, I also wish to add some "intelligence" to e-learning systems. I'm not an expert in Prolog since I'm using PHP, but I'm interested on the idea of developing an e-learning system based on ciao-prolog.
Ronaldo Baltar
Social Sciences Department
Universidade Estadual de Londrina - Brazil
----- Original Message -----
From: "Georg J. Anker" <georg.j.anker(a)uibk.ac.at> To: <ciao-users(a)clip.dia.fi.upm.es> Sent: Friday, October 14, 2005 3:05 PM Subject: Prolog based e-Learning expert system
Dear colleagues,
I wonder if there are people on this list who are interested in a prolog / ciao based project to develop a hybrid e-learning / expert system. I have vast experience in e-learning systems and I think it is time now to go one step further and add some "intelligence" to such a system.
If you are interested (and have some time available ...), please drop me a note. This might also evolve in a nice EU project proposal.
Georg Anker University of Innsbruck New Media and Lerning Technology Unit
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Dear Georg, we are also interested in such a system. We have experience in both fields, i.e., e-learning systems and declarative programming. You can see our research and development interests in my web page (http://www.ucm.es/info/dsip/directorio/FSP/). We have also contacts with organizations which could also join a possible EU project. Best regards,
============================================================= Fernando Sáenz Pérez Profesor Titular de Universidad / Associate Professor E-Mail : fernan(a)sip.ucm.es Home Page: http://www.ucm.es/info/dsip/directorio/FSP/ Tel: + 34 913947642. Fax: + 34 913947529 Despacho / Office: 435 (4ª planta / 4th floor) Dept. Sistemas Informáticos y Programación / Department of Computer Systems and Programming Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Informática C/Profesor José García Santesmases, s/n E - 28040 Madrid. Spain =============================================================
Dear colleagues,
I wonder if there are people on this list who are interested in a prolog / ciao based project to develop a hybrid e-learning / expert system. I have vast experience in e-learning systems and I think it is time now to go one step further and add some "intelligence" to such a system.
If you are interested (and have some time available ...), please drop me a note. This might also evolve in a nice EU project proposal.
Georg Anker University of Innsbruck New Media and Lerning Technology Unit
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Bart Demoen -
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RDLatimer -
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Ryan Kelly -
Yacao Wang